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He claims that the new republic found itself threatened by a powerful coalition of European nations and used the entire nation's resources in an unprecedented war effort that included levée en masse (mass conscription). In his book, The First Total War: Napoleon's Europe and the Birth of Warfare as We Know it, David A Bell, a French History professor at Princeton University argues that the French Revolutionary Wars introduced to mainland Europe some of the first concepts of total war, such as mass conscription. Sherman's march to the sea in the American Civil War – from Novemthrough Decem– is considered to be an example of total war, for which Sherman used the term hard war. There was only one small battle as the expedition devastated "14 towns and most flourishing crops of corn." The Native Americans escaped to Canada where the British fed them they remained there after the war. As Native American and Loyalist forces massacred American farmers, killed livestock and burned buildings in remote frontier areas, General George Washington sent General John Sullivan with 4,000 troops to seek "the total destruction and devastation of their settlements" in upstate New York. The Sullivan Expedition of 1779 was an example of total warfare. it would seem that instances of total war predate the twentieth century." They write:Īs an aggressor nation, the ancient Mongols, no less than the modern Nazis, practiced total war against an enemy by organizing all available resources, including military personnel, non-combatant workers, intelligence, transport, money, and provisions. Written by academics at Eastern Michigan University, the Cengage Advantage Books: World History textbook claims that while total war "is traditionally associated with the two global wars of the twentieth century. In 1949, he first proposed that a total war in the nuclear age would consist of delivering the entire nuclear arsenal in a single overwhelming blow, going as far as "killing a nation". United States Air Force General Curtis LeMay updated the concept for the nuclear age. In his Decemletter to his Chief of Staff during the American Civil War, Union general William Tecumseh Sherman wrote the Union was "not only fighting hostile armies, but a hostile people, and must make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war, as well as their organized armies," defending Sherman's March to the Sea, the operation that inflicted widespread destruction of infrastructure in Georgia. Total war also describes the French "guerre à outrance" during the Franco-Prussian War. Some authors extend the concept back as far as classic work of Carl von Clausewitz, On War, as "absoluter Krieg" ( absolute war), even-though he did not use the term others interpret Clausewitz differently.

The phrase "total war" can be traced back to the 1935 publication of German general Erich Ludendorff's World War I memoir, Der totale Krieg ("The total war"). take no prisoners), as with Hitler's Commando Order during World War II

The use of civilians and prisoners of war as forced labor for military operations, as with Japan and Germany's massive use of forced laborers of other nations during World War II (see Slavery in Japan and forced labor under German rule during World War II).

Industrial warfare, as with all belligerents in their respective home fronts during World War I and World War II.

Maillé massacre) and Poland during World War II

Collective punishment, pacification operations, and reprisals against populations deemed hostile, as with the execution and deportation of suspected Communards following the fall of the 1871 Paris Commune or the German reprisal policy targeting resistance movements, insurgents, and Untermenschen such as in France (e.g.

Commerce raiding, tonnage war, and unrestricted submarine warfare, as with privateering, the German U-Boat campaigns of the First and Second World Wars, and the United States submarine campaign against Japan during World War II.

Scorched earth policy, as with the March to the Sea during the American Civil War and the Japanese " Three Alls Policy" during the Second Sino-Japanese War.

Blockade and sieging of population centers, as with the Allied blockade of Germany and the Siege of Leningrad during the First and Second World Wars.

Strategic bombing, as during World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War (Operations Rolling Thunder and Linebacker II).

( January 2020) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Īctions that may characterize the post-19th century concept of total war include: Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.

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